Anatolian languages
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The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I(c.1350–1322) and Mursili II (c.1321–1295).
Map showing area where the Luwian language was spoken
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Map showing areas where later Anatolian languages were spoken
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The Anatolian languages are a group of extinct Indo-European languages, which were spoken in Asia Minor, the best attested of them being the Hittite language.
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Origins
The Anatolian branch is generally considered the earliest to split off the Proto-Indo-European language, from a stage referred to either as Indo-Hittite or "Middle PIE", typically a date in the mid-4th millennium BC is assumed. Under the Kurgan hypothesis, there are two possibilities of how early Anatolian speakers could have reached Anatolia: from the north via the Caucasus, and from the west, via the Balkans[1], with the Balkans route being considered somewhat more likely by Mallory (1989) and Steiner (1990).
Languages
- Hittite (nesili), attested from ca. 1600 BC to 1100 BC, official language of the Hittite Empire. Named after the city of Neša (Kanesh), an Assyrian trading colony from which the language spread.
- Luwian (luwili), a close relative of Hittite spoken in adjoining regions sometimes under Hittite control.
- Cuneiform Luwian, glosses and short passages in Hittite texts written in Cuneiform script.
- Hieroglyphic Luwian, written in Anatolian hieroglyphs on seals and in rock inscriptions.
- Lycian (Lycian A; standard Lycian), spoken in Lycia (possibly Lukka) in the Iron Age, a descendant of Luwian, extinct in ca. the 1st century BC, fragmentary.
- Milyan, also called Lycian B, a dialect of Lycian, known from a single inscription.
- Carian, spoken in Caria (possibly Karkija), fragmentarily attested from graffiti by Carian mercenaries in Egypt from ca. the 7th century BC, extinct ca. in the 3rd century BC.
- Pisidian and Sidetic (Pamphylian), fragmentary.
- Palaic, spoken in the north-central Anatolian region of Pala, extinct around the 13th century BC, known only fragmentarily from quoted prayers in Hittite texts.
- Lydian, spoken in Lydia, extinct in ca. the 1st century BC, fragmentary.
There were likely other languages of the family that have left no written records, such as the languages of Lycaonia and Isauria, as well as languages such as Lutescan which are too poorly attested to be sure they are Anatolian.
Extinction
Anatolia was heavily Hellenized following the conquests of Alexander the Great, and it is generally thought that by the 1st century BC the native languages of the area were extinct. This makes Anatolian the first known branch of Indo-European to become extinct, the only other known branch that has no living descendants being Tocharian, which ceased to be spoken around the 8th century.
Features
Hittite has a simpler morphology than others of the older Indo-European languages. Some Indo-European characteristics seem to have disappeared in Hittite, and other IE language branches developed different innovations. Hittite contains a number of archaisms that have disappeared from other IE languages. Notably, Hittite has no IE gender system opposing masculine : feminine; instead it exhibits a noun class system based on an older animate : inanimate opposition. It should be noted, however, that it's still a matter of some dispute whether the masculine : feminine opposition is of PIE origin or a later devolpment ("It has been doubted, however, whether the feminine gender is of PIE origin." -Robert S. P. Beekes: "Indo-European Linguistics" 13.2.3).
It has been proposed that the Tyrsenian and the wider Aegean language family are related to the Anatolian branch, but in mainstream linguistics the evidence in support of such claims is not considered conclusive.
See also
- Indo-Hittite
- Language families and languages
- Aegean languages
Notes
References
- J.P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London (1989).
- G. Steiner, The immigration of the first Indo-Europeans into Anatolia reconsidered, JIES 18 (1990), 185–214.
- Patri, Sylvain (2007), L'alignement syntaxique dans les langues indo-européennes d'Anatolie, (StBoT 49), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, ISBN 978-3-447-05612-0
External links
- Anatolian Languages (by D. E. Landon)
- "Lenguas Anatolias" (Archived 2009-10-25), Linguæ Imperii. (in Spanish) – includes map and timeline of Anatolian languages.